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Diagnostics

Oncology diagnostic tests

29 tests explained with their purpose, procedure, expected turnaround time, and limitations.

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Ilustrasi peninjauan citra medis dan laporan patologi di meja kerja

Pathology

5 tests

  • Tumour tissue biopsy

    Collection of tumour tissue to confirm the diagnosis and provide material for further testing.

    Sample type: Tumor tissue (paraffin block or fresh tissue)

  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

    A test that uses antibodies to mark specific proteins in tumour tissue.

    Biomarkers: CD20, CD30, CD19, HER2, PD-L1, NTRK

  • MMR immunohistochemistry

    A test of four DNA repair proteins to assess dMMR status.

    Biomarkers: MSI / MMR

  • Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration

    Collection of bone marrow to assess plasma cells and blood production.

    Sample type: Bone marrow

  • Image-guided breast biopsy

    Collection of breast tissue guided by ultrasound or X-ray to confirm the diagnosis.

    Biomarkers: HER2, BRCA1 / BRCA2, PD-L1

Molecular

12 tests

  • FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridisation)

    A test that detects changes in the number or arrangement of genetic material in tumour cells.

    Biomarkers: ALK, ROS1, RET, HER2, MET, NTRK

  • Next-generation sequencing (NGS)

    A test that reads many genes from one tumour sample to find actionable changes.

    Biomarkers: EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS, MET, RET, BRAF, HER2, NTRK, MSI / MMR

  • Liquid biopsy (ctDNA)

    A blood test that looks for tumour genetic material to supplement or partly replace tissue testing.

    Biomarkers: EGFR, ALK, KRAS, MET

  • EGFR PCR

    A focused test that looks for specific changes in the EGFR gene.

    Biomarkers: EGFR

  • KRAS PCR

    A focused test for specific changes in the KRAS gene.

    Biomarkers: KRAS

  • BRAF PCR

    A focused test for changes in the BRAF gene.

    Biomarkers: BRAF

  • ALK immunohistochemistry

    A staining test to detect ALK protein in tumour tissue.

    Biomarkers: ALK

  • MSI PCR

    A molecular test to assess microsatellite instability.

    Biomarkers: MSI / MMR

  • PD-L1 immunohistochemistry

    A staining test to assess PD-L1 expression and its score.

    Biomarkers: PD-L1

  • CLDN18.2 immunohistochemistry

    A staining test to assess CLDN18.2 expression in stomach cancer.

    Biomarkers: CLDN18.2

  • Multiple myeloma FISH panel

    A cytogenetic test to detect chromosome changes linked to risk in multiple myeloma.

    Biomarkers: Del(17p) / TP53

  • BCR-ABL PCR

    A molecular test that measures the BCR-ABL transcript and monitors response in certain leukemias.

    Biomarkers: BCR-ABL

Laboratory

2 tests

  • Flow cytometry

    A test that rapidly measures cell-surface markers across many cells.

    Biomarkers: CD19, CD20

  • Blood laboratory tests

    Routine blood tests to assess general condition, organ function, and selected markers.

    Sample type: Blood

Imaging

5 tests

  • PET-CT

    Combined imaging that shows metabolic activity and anatomical location.

    Sample type: Non-invasive (tracer injection)

  • CT scan

    Cross-sectional imaging to assess tumour size, location, and nearby organs.

    Sample type: Not invasive

  • MRI

    Magnetic-field imaging that is especially useful for soft tissue, brain, and spine assessment.

    Sample type: Not invasive

  • Abdominal ultrasound

    Sound-wave imaging to assess the liver, bile ducts, pancreas, and other abdominal organs.

    Sample type: Not invasive

  • Mammography

    Special breast X-ray imaging to find abnormalities that are not yet palpable.

    Biomarkers: HER2

Endoscopy

3 tests

  • Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (EGD)

    A flexible-camera examination to directly view the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum.

    Sample type: Gastric tissue

  • Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

    Endoscopy with an ultrasound probe to assess depth and nearby nodes in the digestive tract.

    Sample type: Non-invasive with possibility of biopsy

  • Colonoscopy

    A flexible-camera examination of the whole colon, with tissue sampling when an abnormality is found.

    Sample type: Colon tissue

Functional testing

2 tests

  • Echocardiography

    A heart ultrasound used to assess pumping function before and during certain therapies.

    Sample type: Not invasive

  • Spirometry (lung function)

    A lung function test to assess breathing capacity before certain procedures.

    Sample type: Not invasive

Not a diagnosis and not final medical advice. Must be reviewed by a doctor.