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Cancer types

Leukemia

Leukemia is a malignancy of blood cells and bone marrow, with types that differ greatly from one another in behaviour and treatment.

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FLT3BCR-ABLCD19CD22

Not a diagnosis and not final medical advice. Must be reviewed by a doctor.

What is most important to know?

Leukemia is divided mainly into acute and chronic forms, as well as according to the type of cells: myeloid or lymphoid.

Acute leukemia progresses quickly and requires immediate treatment, whereas chronic leukemia can progress more slowly and in some patients is monitored before therapy.

Bone marrow examination, cell flow, and molecular examination are the basis for determining the type and choice of therapy.

Leukemia includes acute and chronic groups with different age ranges. Specific incidence figures are not shown without direct quotation.

Cell type and genetic changes need confirmation.

Commonly discussed symptoms

  • Fatigue and paleness due to anemia.
  • Frequent fever and infections.
  • Bruises or bleeds easily, including bleeding gums.
  • Bone or joint pain.
  • Enlarged lymph nodes, liver, or spleen.

These symptoms are not specific. A doctor still needs to assess the cause.

Risk factors

  • Certain ages depend on the type of leukemia.
  • Exposure to high doses of radiation or certain chemicals.
  • History of previous cancer therapy in some cases.
  • Certain genetic conditions in a small percentage of cases.

What shapes the options?

Treatment discussions usually follow this path. The more complete each step is, the more focused the discussion with your doctor becomes.

  1. Diagnosis

    Confirmed through pathology review.

  2. Subtype

    4 subtypes discussed on this page.

  3. Stage

    Leukemia does not use TNM staging. The assessment uses the type of disease, bone marrow examination results, and molecular and cytogenetic markers.

  4. Biomarkers

    Relevant markers: FLT3, BCR-ABL, CD19, CD22.

  5. Treatment history

    Each previous line affects the next option.

  6. Progression?

    If the disease progresses, reassessment and molecular testing are usually discussed.

  7. Next step

    Further evaluation, clinical trials, or a second opinion.

Remission

No meaningful leukemia cells are found on bone marrow examination.

Refractory

The disease does not reach remission despite induction therapy.

Relapse

The disease returns after a period of remission.

Chronic or accelerated phase

Terms used in chronic myeloid leukemia to describe disease behaviour.

Relevant biomarkers

Molecular testing shapes categories, not decisions

Biomarker results open categories worth discussing. The final choice still considers stage, general condition, treatment history and the doctor's assessment.
Ilustrasi reseptor di permukaan sel dengan molekul ligan yang mendekat

  • FLT3

    FLT3 is a gene that regulates blood cell growth.

    Next-generation sequencing (NGS) · Bone marrow biopsy and aspiration

    View biomarker →

  • BCR-ABL

    BCR-ABL is formed when two chromosomes exchange parts and produces a continuously active growth signal.

    BCR-ABL PCR · FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridisation)

    View biomarker →

  • CD19

    CD19 is a protein on the surface of B cells.

    Immunohistochemistry (IHC) · Flow cytometry

    View biomarker →

  • CD22

    CD22 is a surface protein of B cells.

    Flow cytometry · Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

    View biomarker →

Progression and resistance concepts

  • The disease can be refractory to initial therapy or relapse after remission, and these two conditions are addressed with different strategies.
  • Bone marrow and molecular marker examinations are repeated at key decision points, including before transplantation or cellular therapy.
  • In leukemias with actionable markers, the emergence of additional changes may influence the choice of subsequent inhibitors.
  • Subsequent decisions consider age, organ condition, therapy history, and availability of a cellular therapy program.

Treatment options commonly discussed

The actual order and combination are always determined by the team directly examining the patient.

When are clinical trials discussed?

Trial group and treatment history

The studies below are filtered from the public registry. International patient access and site readiness have not been verified.

Clinical trials are usually discussed after standard pathways are mapped, or when biomarker results point to a specifically studied group. There are currently 0 registry records related to Leukemia, and 0 mention a specific biomarker.

NO DATA

No studies were filtered for this cancer group in the latest registry data.

View all 0 studiesCheck my case match

What should be prepared for a second opinion?

Records usually requested

  • Latest bone marrow report and cell flow results.
  • Cytogenetic and molecular examination results included BCR-ABL and FLT3.
  • Latest complete blood count.
  • Note all previous lines of therapy along with response and depth.
  • Note the history of transplantation if it has ever been done.

Questions for the oncologist

  • What is my specific type of leukemia and what markers are found?
  • Has induction therapy achieved remission, and how is its depth assessed?
  • Do I meet the criteria for transplantation or cellular therapy?
  • Is there a clinical trial that suits my type and markers?
  • What is the long-term monitoring plan after therapy is completed?

Which cell type and genetic changes have been confirmed?

Not sure about the next step for Leukemia?

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Deeper references

A reference section for readers who want details on subtypes, drugs, or every study record.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Draft, not yet medically reviewed

An acute leukemia from the myeloid lineage that requires urgent care and depends on molecular markers for some treatment choices.

This disease is characterized by the accumulation of blast cells in the bone marrow. Markers such as FLT3, IDH, and other cytogenetic changes influence therapy discussions and risk estimates.

Relevant markers

FLT3

Stage note

Don't use a stadium. The assessment uses the type of genetic abnormality, number of blasts, and response to induction therapy.

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Draft, not yet medically reviewed

An acute leukemia from the B-cell lymphoid lineage, with CD19 and CD22 markers that open antibody and cellular therapy categories.

The surface markers CD19 and CD22 form the basis of conjugated antibody therapy and CAR-T therapy in relapsed or refractory disease. Some patients also have the Philadelphia chromosome.

Relevant markers

CD19CD22BCR-ABL

Stage note

Don't use a stadium. Assessment uses genetic abnormalities, minimal residual disease response, and history of recurrence.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

Draft, not yet medically reviewed

Leukemia defined by the BCR-ABL transcript and managed long term with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

The disease is often in a chronic phase that can be controlled for years with specific oral targeted therapies. Monitoring transcript levels is an important part of assessing the depth of response.

Relevant markers

BCR-ABL

Stage note

The division into chronic, accelerated and blast crisis phases replaces stages. The depth of the molecular response is an important measure.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Draft, not yet medically reviewed

A chronic B-cell leukemia often found in older adults and sometimes monitored before treatment.

Some patients do not require immediate therapy. When therapy is necessary, options include BTK inhibitors and BCL-2 inhibitors, depending on the patient's markers and condition.

Relevant markers

CD20Del(17p) / TP53

Stage note

Clinical stage is determined from physical and blood examination, not from TNM. Markers such as del(17p) influence the choice of therapy.

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