Medicines & diagnostics
Biomarkers, medicines, and diagnostic tests
This page brings together three common questions after diagnosis: which markers are tested, which medicines are related, and which diagnostic tests may be needed.
EGFR
Changes in the EGFR gene can make lung cancer cells grow more aggressively; the result affects which targeted therapy categories are worth discussing.
Related: 5 medicines · 4 test methods
ALK
ALK gene fusion is one of the most important markers to discuss in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Related: 5 medicines · 4 test methods
ROS1
ROS1 fusion is a rare marker that can direct discussion toward specific targeted therapy categories.
Related: 4 medicines · 4 test methods
KRAS
Some specific KRAS changes in lung cancer can now be targeted, while others remain limited to standard pathways or clinical trials.
Related: 3 medicines · 3 test methods
MET
MET changes can be exon 14 skipping or amplification; the two are discussed differently in treatment planning.
Related: 4 medicines · 3 test methods
RET
RET fusion is rare, but when found it can open discussion of a specific targeted therapy category.
Related: 2 medicines · 3 test methods
BRAF
BRAF V600E mutation can be discussed in the category of combination targeted therapy for some patients.
Related: 3 medicines · 4 test methods
HER2
HER2 status is assessed on tissue testing; the result affects treatment categories in stomach cancer and some lung cancers.
Related: 3 medicines · 4 test methods
NTRK
NTRK fusion is very rare, but is a marker that can be discussed across cancer types.
Related: 3 medicines · 3 test methods
PD-L1
PD-L1 is a protein marker assessed with a score; the score helps interpret the relevance of immunotherapy categories.
Related: 5 medicines · 2 test methods
MSI / MMR
MSI/MMR status reflects DNA repair function in the tumour and can open an immunotherapy category.
Related: 4 medicines · 4 test methods
CLDN18.2
CLDN18.2 is a cell-surface protein that can be a marker for a targeted therapy category in stomach cancer.
Related: 1 medicines · 2 test methods
CD19
CD19 is a marker on B cells and is the basis for several cellular therapies, including some CAR-T categories.
Related: 4 medicines · 3 test methods
CD20
CD20 is a classic marker in B-cell lymphoma and is the basis for a major antibody therapy group.
Related: 5 medicines · 3 test methods
CD30
CD30 is an important marker in Hodgkin lymphoma and some T-cell lymphomas.
Related: 1 medicines · 2 test methods
Del(17p) / TP53
17p deletion and TP53 mutation are high-risk cytogenetic factors in multiple myeloma.
Related: 5 medicines · 3 test methods
TMB (tumour mutational burden)
TMB measures how many changes are present in tumour DNA and is sometimes used as an additional consideration in immunotherapy discussion.
Related: 2 medicines · 1 test methods
BCMA
BCMA is a marker on plasma cells and is the basis for several advanced therapies in multiple myeloma.
Related: 4 medicines · 3 test methods
GPRC5D
GPRC5D is an alternative marker on myeloma cells used when BCMA targeting is no longer effective.
Related: 1 medicines · 2 test methods
CD22
CD22 is a marker on B cells used as a target in some leukemias and B-cell lymphomas.
Related: 1 medicines · 2 test methods
GPC3
GPC3 is a surface protein often found in hepatocellular carcinoma and is being studied as a therapy target.
Related: 0 medicines · 2 test methods
BRCA1 / BRCA2
BRCA1 or BRCA2 changes can be inherited or limited to the tumour, and affect treatment discussion as well as family risk.
Related: 1 medicines · 2 test methods
MGMT
MGMT promoter methylation status is discussed in glioma and relates to how cells repair damage caused by certain drugs.
Related: 1 medicines · 2 test methods
FLT3
Changes in the FLT3 gene are findings often discussed in acute myeloid leukemia.
Related: 2 medicines · 2 test methods
BCR-ABL
The BCR-ABL transcript is a defining marker in chronic myeloid leukemia and some acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Related: 3 medicines · 3 test methods
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Not a diagnosis and not final medical advice. Must be reviewed by a doctor.