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Cancer types

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells in the bone marrow, with cytogenetic markers that matter when treatment strategy is considered.

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Ilustrasi editorial sumsum tulang dengan kumpulan sel plasma
Del(17p) / TP53

Not a diagnosis and not final medical advice. Must be reviewed by a doctor.

What is most important to know?

Multiple myeloma occurs when plasma cells in the bone marrow grow uncontrollably and produce abnormal proteins.

This disease can cause bone pain, anemia, kidney problems, and an increased risk of infection.

Therapeutic options are rapidly expanding, including antibodies, immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, bispecific antibodies, and CAR-T therapy.

Multiple myeloma is a blood malignancy whose incidence increases with age. Specific numerical data is not shown without direct quotation.

Every treatment line needs to be visible.

Commonly discussed symptoms

  • Bone pain, especially back and ribs.
  • Fatigue due to anemia.
  • Frequently recurring infections.
  • Impaired kidney function.
  • Loss of weight and appetite.

These symptoms are not specific. A doctor still needs to assess the cause.

Risk factors

  • Older age.
  • Premalignant conditions such as MGUS in some cases.
  • Genetic factors and certain exposures in a small percentage of cases.

What shapes the options?

Treatment discussions usually follow this path. The more complete each step is, the more focused the discussion with your doctor becomes.

  1. Diagnosis

    Confirmed through pathology review.

  2. Subtype

    2 subtypes discussed on this page.

  3. Stage

    The staging system uses a combination of blood markers and cytogenetic markers to describe disease burden and behavior.

  4. Biomarkers

    Relevant markers: Del(17p) / TP53.

  5. Treatment history

    Each previous line affects the next option.

  6. Progression?

    If the disease progresses, reassessment and molecular testing are usually discussed.

  7. Next step

    Further evaluation, clinical trials, or a second opinion.

Stage I

Blood markers indicate a low disease burden.

Stage II

Values fall between stage I and stage III.

Stage III

Blood markers indicate a high disease burden.

Relevant biomarkers

Molecular testing shapes categories, not decisions

Biomarker results open categories worth discussing. The final choice still considers stage, general condition, treatment history and the doctor's assessment.
Ilustrasi panel pemeriksaan genetik dengan untai DNA

  • Del(17p) / TP53

    This examination looks for changes in chromosomes and genes related to how cells repair damage.

    Multiple myeloma FISH panel · Next-generation sequencing (NGS)

    View biomarker →

Progression and resistance concepts

  • Myeloma is generally managed as a chronic disease with periods of response and periods of relapse.
  • In each relapse, the choice of therapy takes into account the class of drugs that have been used previously.
  • High-risk markers such as del(17p) may influence the duration of response to standard therapy.
  • Cellular therapies and bispecific antibodies are often discussed in diseases that have undergone multiple lines of therapy.

Treatment options commonly discussed

The actual order and combination are always determined by the team directly examining the patient.

When are clinical trials discussed?

Trial group and treatment history

The studies below are filtered from the public registry. International patient access and site readiness have not been verified.

Clinical trials are usually discussed after standard pathways are mapped, or when biomarker results point to a specifically studied group. There are currently 62 registry records related to Multiple myeloma, and 4 mention a specific biomarker.

View all 62 studiesCheck my case match

What should be prepared for a second opinion?

Records usually requested

  • Latest bone marrow biopsy report.
  • Results of FISH and cytogenetic examination.
  • Complete blood count including M protein and light chain ratio.
  • Latest MRI or PET-CT if there are bone complaints.
  • Note all previous lines of therapy and response.

Questions for the oncologist

  • What stage am I at and are there any high risk markers on FISH?
  • What therapy have I undergone, and what class of drugs have I used?
  • Do I meet the criteria for an autologous transplant?
  • Are cellular therapies such as CAR-T or bispecific antibodies relevant to me?
  • Is there a clinical trial that suits my condition?

Is every previous treatment line fully documented?

Not sure about the next step for Multiple myeloma?

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Not sure about the next step for Multiple myeloma?

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Deeper references

A reference section for readers who want details on subtypes, drugs, or every study record.

Standard-risk multiple myeloma

Draft, not yet medically reviewed

Multiple myeloma without high-risk cytogenetic markers, generally discussed with drug combinations and possible autologous transplant.

This group is typically treated with a combination of proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and anti-CD38 antibodies, with autologous transplantation discussed in patients who meet the criteria.

Relevant markers

Stage note

Assessment uses a staging system that combines albumin, beta-2 microglobulin, and cytogenetic markers.

High-risk multiple myeloma

Draft, not yet medically reviewed

Multiple myeloma with specific cytogenetic markers that make response to standard therapy harder to maintain.

17p deletion, TP53 mutation, t(4;14), t(14;16), and 1q21 gain are among the markers that are often discussed as high risk factors. This group is often directed to discuss intensification of therapy and clinical trials.

Relevant markers

Del(17p) / TP53

Stage note

Cytogenetic markers are used in conjunction with staging to predict disease behavior, not to determine the exact prognosis of an individual.

Next steps

These suggestions come from links between entries in TanyaKanker's database, not from a medical judgement. Each suggestion includes why it appears.

Next to learn

What you can do

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    Review of the treatment plan

    Reason: Relevant when a treatment plan is being considered

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    Reason: For asking the next step directly

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